"Сказка бочки"

readeralexey — Wed, 29 Apr 2026 13:28:06 GMT

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Это писал христианин?

11-е издание 1747 г.

Биография, общие вопросы творчества Свифта

readeralexey — Mon, 15 Dec 2025 20:03:39 GMT

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"Хотелось бы вам встретиться с ним в жизни или нет? Хотели бы вы, чтобы великий настоятель был вашим другом?" (вопрос от William Thackeray)

Если бы вы с ним встретились, какой бы вопрос задали?

"Путешествия Гулливера"

readeralexey — Mon, 15 Dec 2025 19:34:50 GMT

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Назовите элементы политической сатиры в первой части романа.

Что можно сказать о повествователе как человеке? Меняется ли он на протяжении романа?

Что общего у этого романа с романом Дефо? В чем различия?

Что общего у этого романа с "Утопией" Т. Мора? В чем различия?

Каков смысловой и художественный эффект от смены масштабов при помещении героя сначала в страну лилипутов, потом в страну великанов? Как вы думаете, какой опыт реальной жизни мог подсказать Свифту такой художественный прием?

Можно ли считать лилипутов и великанов людьми? Считают ли лилипуты и великаны Гулливера человеком? Считает ли Гулливер тех и других людьми? Как вы думаете, какие изменения бы произошли в этом отношении, если бы лилипут попал в страну великанов? Великан в страну лилипутов? Знаете ли вы другие произведения литературы (или кинематографа), где бы обыгрывалась подобная смена масштабов? Повествование бы велось от имени субъекта иной природы, чем все окружающие? Во второй части есть упоминание "гигантов", обитавших некогда в стране великанов. Что это добавляет к общей картине?

Гулливер описывает искажения своего восприятия, вызванные привычкой, по возвращении домой из путешествий. Имеется ли в вашем личном опыте нечто подобное? Изменилось ли ваше восприятие действительности по мере физического роста (начиная с детского возраста)?

В чем различия (если они есть) первой и второй части по художественным задачам, приемам, пафосу? Как бы вы сформулировали главную идею первой части? Главную идею второй?

Какие проекты академии в Лагадо (третья часть) вам показались наиболее интересными? Почему? Каков смысл описания этой академии?

Если бы у вас была возможность общаться с умершими, как описано в третьей части, с кем бы вы поговорили и о чем?

Каков посыл описания общения с умершими в третьей части?

Как вы думаете, зачем Свифт включил Японию в маршрут Гулливера в третьей части?

В четвертой части отмечается, что внешне Гулливер отличается от еху только наличием одежды. Какие выводы из этого можно сделать?

Гулливер шьет паруса для своей лодки из кожи молодых еху, а щели в лодке заделывает жиром еху. Прокомментируйте.

Четвертая часть "Гулливера" - это утопия или антиутопия?

*

Как бы вы определили жанр всего произведения?

Приведите примеры каких-либо художественных приемов и модусов романа: сатира, ирония, сарказм, юмор, гротеск, гипербола, контраст, иносказание, подтекст, аллегория...

Что больше всего из него запомнилось и почему?

***

Прокомментируйте:

But what I chiefly admired, and thought altogether unaccountable, was the strong disposition I observed in them towards news and politics, perpetually inquiring into public affairs, giving their judgments in matters of state, and passionately disputing every inch of a party opinion. I have indeed observed the same disposition among most of the mathematicians I have known in Europe, although I could never discover the least analogy between the two sciences; unless those people suppose, that because the smallest circle has as many degrees as the largest, therefore the regulation and management of the world require no more abilities than the handling and turning of a globe; but I rather take this quality to spring from a very common infirmity of human nature, inclining us to be most curious and conceited in matters where we have least concern, and for which we are least adapted by study or nature. (Part III)

The first professor I saw, was in a very large room, with forty pupils about him. After salutation, observing me to look earnestly upon a frame, which took up the greatest part of both the length and breadth of the room, he said, “Perhaps I might wonder to see him employed in a project for improving speculative knowledge, by practical and mechanical operations. But the world would soon be sensible of its usefulness; and he flattered himself, that a more noble, exalted thought never sprang in any other man’s head. Every one knew how laborious the usual method is of attaining to arts and sciences; whereas, by his contrivance, the most ignorant person, at a reasonable charge, and with a little bodily labour, might write books in philosophy, poetry, politics, laws, mathematics, and theology, without the least assistance from genius or study.” He then led me to the frame, about the sides, whereof all his pupils stood in ranks. It was twenty feet square, placed in the middle of the room. The superfices was composed of several bits of wood, about the bigness of a die, but some larger than others. They were all linked together by slender wires. These bits of wood were covered, on every square, with paper pasted on them; and on these papers were written all the words of their language, in their several moods, tenses, and declensions; but without any order. The professor then desired me “to observe; for he was going to set his engine at work.” The pupils, at his command, took each of them hold of an iron handle, whereof there were forty fixed round the edges of the frame; and giving them a sudden turn, the whole disposition of the words was entirely changed. He then commanded six-and-thirty of the lads, to read the several lines softly, as they appeared upon the frame; and where they found three or four words together that might make part of a sentence, they dictated to the four remaining boys, who were scribes. This work was repeated three or four times, and at every turn, the engine was so contrived, that the words shifted into new places, as the square bits of wood moved upside down. (Part III)

I was chiefly disgusted with modern history. For having strictly examined all the persons of greatest name in the courts of princes, for a hundred years past, I found how the world had been misled by prostitute writers, to ascribe the greatest exploits in war, to cowards; the wisest counsel, to fools; sincerity, to flatterers; Roman virtue, to betrayers of their country; piety, to atheists; chastity, to sodomites; truth, to informers: how many innocent and excellent persons had been condemned to death or banishment by the practising of great ministers upon the corruption of judges, and the malice of factions: how many villains had been exalted to the highest places of trust, power, dignity, and profit: how great a share in the motions and events of courts, councils, and senates might be challenged by bawds, whores, pimps, parasites, and buffoons. How low an opinion I had of human wisdom and integrity, when I was truly informed of the springs and motives of great enterprises and revolutions in the world, and of the contemptible accidents to which they owed their success. Here I discovered the roguery and ignorance of those who pretend to write anecdotes, or secret history; who send so many kings to their graves with a cup of poison; will repeat the discourse between a prince and chief minister, where no witness was by; unlock the thoughts and cabinets of ambassadors and secretaries of state; and have the perpetual misfortune to be mistaken. Here I discovered the true causes of many great events that have surprised the world; how a whore can govern the back-stairs, the back-stairs a council, and the council a senate. A general confessed, in my presence, “that he got a victory purely by the force of cowardice and ill conduct;” and an admiral, “that, for want of proper intelligence, he beat the enemy, to whom he intended to betray the fleet.” Three kings protested to me, “that in their whole reigns they never did once prefer any person of merit, unless by mistake, or treachery of some minister in whom they confided; neither would they do it if they were to live again:” and they showed, with great strength of reason, “that the royal throne could not be supported without corruption, because that positive, confident, restiff temper, which virtue infused into a man, was a perpetual clog to public business.” I had the curiosity to inquire in a particular manner, by what methods great numbers had procured to themselves high titles of honour,and prodigious estates; and I confined my inquiry to a very modern period: however, without grating upon present times, because I would be sure to give no offence even to foreigners (for I hope the reader need not be told, that I do not in the least intend my own country, in what I say upon this occasion,) a great number of persons concerned were called up; and, upon a very slight examination, discovered such a scene of infamy, that I cannot reflect upon it without some seriousness. Perjury, oppression, subornation, fraud, pandarism, and the like infirmities, were among the most excusable arts they had to mention; and for these I gave, as it was reasonable, great allowance. But when some confessed they owed their greatness and wealth to sodomy, or incest; others, to the prostituting of their own wives and daughters; others, to the betraying of their country or their prince; some, to poisoning; more to the perverting of justice, in order to destroy the innocent, I hope I may be pardoned, if these discoveries inclined me a little to abate of that profound veneration, which I am naturally apt to pay to persons of high rank, who ought to be treated with the utmost respect due to their sublime dignity, by us their inferiors.
I had often read of some great services done to princes and states, and desired to see the persons by whom those services were performed. Upon inquiry I was told, “that their names were to be found on no record, except a few of them, whom history has represented as the vilest of rogues and traitors.” As to the rest, I had never once heard of them. They all appeared with dejected looks, and in the meanest habit; most of them telling me, “they died in poverty and disgrace, and the rest on a scaffold or a gibbet.” (Part III)

I must freelyconfess, that the many virtues of those excellent quadrupeds [Houyhnhnms], placed
in opposite view to human corruptions, had so far opened my eyes and enlarged
my understanding, that I began to view the actions and passions of man in a
very different light, and to think the honour of my own kind not worth
managing; which, besides, it was impossible for me to do, before a person of so
acute a judgment as my master, who daily convinced me of a thousand faults in
myself, whereof I had not the least perception before, and which, with us,
would never be numbered even among human infirmities. I had likewise learned,
from his example, an utter detestation of all falsehood or disguise; and truth
appeared so amiable to me, that I determined upon sacrificing every thing to
it.
<...> I had not yet been a year in this country before I contracted such a love and veneration for the inhabitants, that I entered on a firm resolution never to return to humankind, but to pass the rest of my life among these admirable Houyhnhnms, in the contemplation and practice of every virtue, where I could have no example or incitement to vice. (Part IV)

But I shall not trouble the reader with a particular description of my own mechanics; let it suffice to say, that in six weeks time with the help of the sorrel nag, who performed the parts that required most labour, I finished a sort of Indian canoe, but much larger, covering it with the skins of Yahoos, well stitched together with hempen threads of my own making. My sail was likewise composed of the skins of the same animal; but I made use of the youngest I could get, the older being too tough and thick; and I likewise provided myself with four paddles. I laid in a stock of boiled flesh, of rabbits and fowls, and took with me two vessels, one filled with milk and the other with water.
I tried my canoe in a large pond, near my master’s house, and then corrected in it what was amiss; stopping all the chinks with Yahoos’ tallow, till I found it staunch, and able to bear me and my freight; and, when it was as complete as I could possibly make it, I had it drawn on a carriage very gently by Yahoos to the sea-side, under the conduct of the sorrel nag and another servant. (Part IV)

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"Сказка бочки"

Биография, общие вопросы творчества Свифта

"Путешествия Гулливера"